[Ppnews] The Cases of Alan Gross and the Cuban Five

[Political Prisoner News]

The Cases of Alan Gross and the Cuban Five

Posted on 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/>01/17/2012<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/author/centerforinternationalpolicy/> 

http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/

By Salim Lamrani, with contributions from Wayne Smith

The way may be opening for increased U.S.-Cuban 
ties. The United States has removed all 
restrictions on Cuban-American travel from the 
U.S. to Cuba and all limitations on 
Cuban-American remittances to families on the 
island. Coming at a time when the Cuban 
government is encouraging the establishment of 
small private enterprises, this opens the way for 
importantly increased ties between the two 
communities-as one observer put it: “for an 
inflow of capital from the U.S. to Cuba.”

There is, however, the proverbial “fly in the 
ointment” and that is the case of Alan Gross, 
arrested on December 3 of 2009 and since then 
representing a major obstacle to improved 
relations–along with the case of the Cuban Five 
on the other side (but more on that later).

Who is Alan Gross?

Alan Gross is a 61 year-old Jewish U.S. citizen 
from Potomac, Maryland who is an employee of 
Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI), a 
subcontractor of the U.S. Agency for 
International Development (USAID) which itself is 
a dependency of the State Department. In December 
2009, when Gross was about to leave Cuba with a 
simple tourist visa–after his fifth visit that 
year–Cuban state security authorities detained 
him at the International Airport in Havana. An 
investigation discovered links between him and 
the internal opposition to the Cuban government. 
Gross had been distributing among the opposition 
portable computers and satellite telephones as 
part of the State Department program for 
“promoting democracy in Cuba.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn1>[1]

A long-distance communications technology expert, 
Gross has great experience in the field. He has 
worked in more than 50 nations and set up 
satellite communications systems during the 
military interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan to 
circumvent channels controlled by local 
authorities. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn2>[2]

Possession of a satellite phone is strictly 
forbidden in Cuba for national security reasons 
and telecommunications are a state monopoly with 
competition forbidden. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn3>[3]

Aid for the Cuban Jewish Community?

The State Department, demanding the release of 
the detainee declared, “Gross works for 
international development and traveled to Cuba to 
assist the members of the Jewish community in 
Havana to connect with other Jewish communities 
in the world.” According to Washington, Gross’ 
activities were legitimate and did not violate 
Cuban 
legislation.<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn4>[4]

In October 2010, during the annual session of the 
UN General Assembly, Arturo Valenzuela, then 
assistant secretary of state for inter-American 
affairs, met with Bruno Rodríguez, Cuban minister 
for foreign affairs, to discuss Gross. This was 
the most important diplomatic meeting between 
representatives from both nations since the 
beginning of Obama’s era. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn5>[5]

Alan Gross’ family also said that his frequent 
trips to the island were to allow the Jewish 
community in Havana to gain access to the 
Internet and to communicate with Jews all over 
the 
world.<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn6>[6] 
His lawyer, Peter J. Kahn, endorsed their words, 
“His work in Cuba had nothing to do with 
politics; it was simply aimed at helping the 
small, peaceful, non-dissident Jewish community 
in the country. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn7>[7]

Gross doubtless had contact with some members of 
the Jewish community in Cuba. Leaders of the 
Jewish community in Havana, however, contradict 
the official U.S. version of his relationship. In 
fact, leaders of the community affirm they did 
not know Alan Gross, and had never met with him 
despite his five visits to Cuba in 2009. Adela 
Dworin, president of the Beth Shalom Temple, 
rejected Washington’s statements. “It’s 
lamentable [
]. The saddest part is that they 
tried to involve the Jewish community in Cuba 
which has nothing to do with this.”

Mayra Levy, speaker of the Sephardic Hebraic 
Center, declared she didn’t know who Gross was 
and added he had never been to her institution. 
The Associated Press said “the leaders of the 
Jewish community in Cuba denied the American 
contractor Alan Gross [
] had collaborated with 
them.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn8>[8] 
In like manner, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency 
reported that “the main Jewish groups in Cuba had 
denied having any contracts with Alan Gross or 
any knowledge of his project.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn9>[9]

Reverend Oden Mariachal, secretary of the Consejo 
de Iglesias de Cuba (CIC) [Cuban Council of 
Churches] which includes the [non-Catholic] 
Christian religious institutions and the Jewish 
community in Cuba, confirmed this position at a 
meeting with Peter Brennan, State Department 
coordinator for Cuban Affairs. On the occasion of 
the General Assembly of Churches of Christ in the 
U.S., held in Washington in 2010, the religious 
leader rejected Gross’ allegations. “What we made 
clear is what the Cuban Jewish Community, a 
member of the Cuban Council of Churches, told us, 
‘We never had a relationship with that gentleman; 
he never brought us any equipment.’ They denied 
any kind of relationship with Alan 
Gross.”<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn10>[10]

In fact, the small Cuban Jewish community, far 
from isolated, is perfectly integrated in society 
and has excellent relations with the political 
authorities in the Island. Fidel Castro, although 
very critical of Israeli policy in the occupied 
territories, declared to American journalist 
Jeffrey Goldberg that in history “no one has been 
as slandered as the Jews. They were exiled from 
their land, persecuted and mistreated everywhere 
in the world. The Jews had a more difficult 
existence than ours. Nothing can compare to the 
Holocaust,” he said. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn11>[11]

Cuban President Raúl Castro attended the 
religious ceremony for Hanukkah-the Festival of 
Lights–at the Shalom Synagogue in Havana, in 
December 2010. The visit was broadcast live on 
Cuban TV and published in the front page of 
newspaper Granma. He took the opportunity to 
greet “the Cuban Jewish community and the 
fabulous history of the Hebrew people.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn12>[12]

Moreover, the Cuban Jewish community has all the 
technological facilities needed to communicate 
with the rest of the world, thanks to the 
assistance of other international Jewish entities 
such as the B’nai Brith and the Cuban Jewish 
Relief Project, the Canadian Jewish Congress 
(CJC), the World ORT, the Joint Distribution 
Committee (JDC) or the United Jewish Committee 
(UJC); all of it endorsed by the Cuban 
authorities. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn13>[13]

Arturo López-Levy, B’nai Brith secretary for the 
Cuban Jewish community between 1999 and 2001, and 
today a professor at Denver University, is also 
skeptical about the U.S. version of the Gross 
case. On the subject, he stated, “Gross was not 
arrested for being Jewish or for his alleged 
activities of technological aid to the Cuban 
Jewish community which already had an informatics 
lab, electronic mail and Internet access before 
he got to Havana. [The Jews in Cuba] do not 
gather at a synagogue to conspire with the 
political opposition because this would 
jeopardize their cooperation with the government 
which is needed for their activities: the 
emigration to Israel program, the Right by Birth 
project–through which young Cuban Jews travel to 
Israel every year–or to deal with humanitarian 
aid. To protect the most important they detach 
themselves as much as possible from the U.S. 
programs of political interference on Cuban 
internal affairs. Gross travelled to Cuba not to 
work with any Jewish organization but for USAID.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn14>[14]

Wayne S. Smith, chief of the U.S. Interests 
Section in Cuba from 1979 to 1982 and director of 
Cuba Program of the Center for International 
Policy in Washington, said that “in other words, 
Gross was involved in a program whose intentions 
were clearly hostile to Cuba, because its 
objective is nothing less than regime change.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn15>[15]

Illegal Activities According to Cuban Authorities

Cuban authorities suspected Gross of espionage 
and internal subversion activities. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn16>[16]Ricardo 
Alarcon, president of the Cuban Parliament, 
declared he had violated the country’s 
legislation. “He violated Cuban laws, national 
sovereignty, and committed crimes that in the 
U.S. are most severely 
punished.”<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn17>[17]

Gross, a USAID employee was providing 
sophisticated communications equipment. The 
distribution and use of satellite phones is 
regulated in Cuba and it is forbidden to import 
them without authorization. On the other hand, 
Article 11 of Cuban Law 88 reads that, “He who, 
in order to perform the acts described in this 
Law, directly or through a third party, receives, 
distributes or takes part in the distribution of 
financial means, material or of other kind, from 
the Government of the United States of America, 
its agencies, dependencies, representatives, 
officials, or from private entities is liable to 
prison terms from 3 to 8 years.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn18>[18]

This severity is not unique to Cuban legislation. 
U.S. law prescribes similar penalties for this 
type of crime. The Foreign Agents Registration 
Act prescribes that any un-registered agent “who 
requests, collects, supplies or spends 
contributions, loans, money or any valuable 
object in his own interest” may be liable to a 
sentence of five years in prison and a fine of 
10,000 dollars. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn19>[19]

French legislation also punishes this type of 
action. According to Article 411-8 of the Penal 
Code, “the act of exercising on behalf of a 
foreign power, a foreign company or organization 
or company or organization under the control of a 
foreign agent, any act aimed at supplying 
devices, information, procedures, objects, 
documents, informatics data or files whose 
exploitation, spreading, or gathering can by 
nature attempt against the fundamental interests 
of the nation is punishable with ten years of 
imprisonment and a fine of 150,000 
Euros.”<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn20>[20]

On February 4, 2011, the prosecutor of the 
Republic of Cuba formally accused Alan Gross of 
“acts against the integrity and independence of 
the nation,” and demanded a jail sentence of 20 
years. On March 12, 2011 Gross was finally 
sentenced to 15 years imprisonment after his 
trial.<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn21>[21] 
The lawyer for the defense, Peter J. Kahn, 
expressed his regret that his client was “caught 
in the middle of a long political dispute between 
Cuba and the United 
States.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn22>[22]

The New York Times remembers that Gross “was 
arrested last December during a trip to Cuba as 
part of a semi-clandestine USAID program, a 
service of foreign aid of the State Department 
destined to undermine the Cuban Government,” The 
New York paper also indicated that “U.S. 
authorities have admitted that Mr. Gross entered 
Cuba without the appropriate visa and have said 
he distributed satellite telephones to religious 
groups. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn23>[23]

Since 1992 and the adoption of the Torricelli 
Act, the U.S. openly admits its objective towards 
Cuba is “regime change” and one of the pillars of 
this policy is to organize, finance and equip an 
internal opposition. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn24>[24]

USAID, which is in charge of the implementation 
of the plan, admits that, as part of this 
program, it finances the Cuban opposition. 
According to the Agency for the 2009 fiscal year 
the amount destined for aid to Cuban dissidents 
was of 15.62 million dollars. Since 1996 a total 
of 140 million dollars have been dedicated to the 
program aimed at overthrowing the Cuban 
government. “The largest part of this figure is 
for individuals inside Cuba. Our objective is to 
maximize the amount of the support that benefits 
the Cubans in the 
Island.”<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn25>[25]

The government agency also stresses the 
following, “We have trained hundreds of 
journalists in a ten year period and their work 
is seen in mainstream international media.” 
Formed and paid by the U.S., they represent, 
above all, the interests of Washington whose 
objective is a “regime change” on the island. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn26>[26]

 From a juridical point of view, this reality in 
fact places the dissidents who accept the 
emoluments offered by USAID in the position of 
being agents at the service of a foreign power, 
which constitutes a serious violation of the 
Cuban Penal Code. The agency is aware of this 
reality and simply reminds all that “nobody is 
obliged to accept or be part of the programs of 
the government of the United States.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn27>[27]

Judy Gross, the wife of Alan Gross, was 
authorized to visit him in prison for the first 
time in July 2010. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn28>[28]She 
took the occasion to send a letter to Cuban 
President Raúl Castro in which she expressed her 
repentance and apologized for the acts of her 
husband. “I understand today the Cuban Government 
does not appreciate the type of work Alan was 
doing in Cuba. His intention was never to hurt 
your government.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn29>[29]

Judy Gross also accuses the State Department of 
not having explained to her husband that his 
activities were illegal in Cuba. If Alan had 
known that something would happen to him in Cuba, 
he would not have done that. I think he was not 
clearly informed about the risks.” 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn30>[30]

A Way Out?

Clearly, Alan Gross violated the law. Of that 
there can be no doubt. On the other hand, he 
seems to have done little harm. His continued 
incarceration results in no important benefits to 
the U.S. His release, on the other hand, could be 
a major step toward improved U.S.-Cuban 
relations, especially if in the process he were 
prepared to apologize for his actions.

There is another side to the matter, however, and 
that has to do with the so-called Cuban Five. 
Just as the U.S. seems unwilling to move ahead in 
relations unless there is some movement in the 
Gross case, so do the Cubans seem reluctant to 
move without progress in the case of the Cuban 
Five, who were incarcerated in 1998. They were 
sent up to the U.S. by the Cuban government to 
penetrate and develop information about the 
anti-Castro terrorists groups in Florida after a 
sequence of bomb attacks against tourist centers 
in Havana. The idea was then to provide that 
information to the FBI so that it could take 
action to halt the exile terrorists. A meeting 
between representatives of the FBI and the Cubans 
was held in Havana over several days in June of 
1998 and some forty folders of evidence were 
turned over to the FBI. The Cubans then waited 
for the U.S. to take action against the 
terrorists. But none was taken; rather, shortly 
thereafter, the FBI began arresting the Cuban 
five. In other words, they arrested those who had 
provided the evidence rather than the terrorists 
themselves. The Five were arrested, tried and 
convicted, though “tried” is not the right word 
for the trial was a sham. The prosecutors had no 
real evidence and so fell back on the old standby 
of trying them for “conspiracy” to commit illegal 
acts. No evidence, and they were tried in Miami 
where anti-Castro sentiment had reached such a 
level with the Elian Gonzalez case that there was 
no chance of empanelling an impartial jury. 
Defense lawyers requested a change of venue, but, incredibly, it was denied.

Worst of all was the case of Gerardo Hernandez, 
who was accused of “conspiracy” to commit murder 
and given two consecutive life sentences plus 
fifteen years–this in connection with the shoot 
down of the two Brothers to the Rescue planes in 
February of 1996. Never mind that there was no 
evidence that he was in any way responsible. But 
there, behind bars, he remains today, mostly in 
solitary confinement and after all these years 
not allowed a single visit from his wife.

The injustice in these cases contradicts the 
reputation of the U.S. for dedication to the rule 
of law. It must be corrected. Holding these men 
year after year without real evidence of any 
crime other than being the unregistered agents of 
a foreign power was one thing during the Cold 
War–though unjustified even then. But now, with 
the Cold War over and every possibility of 
beginning a new U.S.-Cuba relationship, it 
becomes morally unjustifiable and 
counterproductive. It is time surely to undertake 
a process of reviewing all these cases and then 
allowing these men to return to their families. 
One, René Gonzalez, has already been released 
from prison to serve out his remaining three 
years on parole, but at the same time, 
incredibly, not allowed to return to Cuba to be 
with his wife, who he has not seen in all these 
years. That, allowing his return, should perhaps 
be the first step in the process.

And it goes without saying that as the U.S. 
begins to move in the cases of the Cuban Five, 
Cuba should release Alan Gross to return to his family.

It should be noted that Alan Gross himself 
suggested there should be some reciprocal 
movement in these cases. “Following the recent 
exchange of the Israeli soldier, Gilad Shalit, 
for 1,000 Palestinian prisoners, Gross was clear 
that he wants the United States and Cuba to make 
a similar gesture for him and the Cuban Five,” 
explained Rabbi David Shneyer, who had visited 
Gross in Havana. 
<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn31>[31]

Salim Lamrani, PhD in Iberian and Latin American 
Studies of the Paris Sorbonne-Paris IV 
University, is a professor in charge of courses 
at the Paris-Sorbonne-Paris IV University and the 
Paris-Est Marne-la- Vallée University. He is a 
French journalist, and specialist on the 
Cuba-United States relations. He has recently 
published: Etat de siege. Les sanctions 
economiques des Etats-Unis contre Cuba with a prologue by Wayne S. Smith.

  Wayne S. Smith, now director of the Cuba 
Project at the Center for International Policy, 
was chief of the U.S. Interests Section in 
Havana, 1979-1982, and is the author of The 
Closest of Enemies, (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987).
End Notes


<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref1>[1] 
Jeff Franks, <<Scenarios-U.S. Contractor Jailed 
in Cuba Still in Limbo>>, Reuter, October 24, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref2>[2] 
Phillip J. Crowley, <<Statement on Anniversary of 
Alan Gross’ Incarceration in Cuba>>, op. cit.; 
Saul Landau, <<The Alan Gross Case>>, 
Counterpunch, July 30, 2010. 
<http://www.counterpunch.org/landau07302010.html>http://www.counterpunch.org/landau07302010.html 
(site consulted on February 18, 2011).

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref3>[3] 
Ibid.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref4>[4] 
Phillip J. Crowley, <<Statement on Anniversary of 
Alan Gross’ Incarceration in Cuba>>, op. cit

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref5>[5] 
Paul Haven, <<U.S., Cuban Diplos Met About Jailed 
U.S. Man>>, The Associated Press, October 18, 2010

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref6>[6] 
Anthony Broadle, <<Exclusive: American Held in 
Cuba Expresses Regret to Raul Castro>>, Reuters, October 24, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref7>[7] 
Juan O. Tamayo, <<Pedirán 20 años de cárcel para 
Gross>>, El Nuevo Herald, February 5, 2011.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref8>[8] 
Andrea Rodríguez, <<Judíos niegan haber 
colaborado con Alan Gross>>, The Associated Press, December 2, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref9>[9] 
Jewish Telegraphic Agency, <<Cuba to Seek 20- 
Year Prison Term for Alan Gross>>, February 6, 2011.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref10>[10] 
Andrea Rodrígues, <<EEUU pide Iglesias de Cuba 
interesarse por contratista preso>>, The Associated Press, December 2, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref11>[11] 
Jeffrey Goldberg, <<Castro: ‘No One Has Been 
Slandered More Than the Jews’>> The Atlantic, 
December 7, 2010. 
<http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/09/castro-no-one-has-been-slandered-more-than-tthe-jews/62566/>http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/09/castro-no-one-has-been-slandered-more-than-tthe-jews/62566/ 
(site consulted on February 18, 2011).

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref12>[12] 
The Associated Press, <<Raúl Castro Celebrates 
Hanukkah With Cuban Jews>>; Juan O. Tamayo, 
<<Raul Castro asiste a fiesta de Janucá en 
sinagoga de La Habana>>, El Nuevo Herald, December 6, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref13>[13] 
Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba, <<Quienes ayudan>>. 
<http://www.chcuba.org/espanol/ayuda/quienes.htm>http://www.chcuba.org/espanol/ayuda/quienes.htm 
(site consulted on February 18, 2011).

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref14>[14] 
Arturo López-Levy, <<Freeing Alan Gross: First Do 
No Harm>>, August 2010. 
<http://www.thewashintonnote.com/archives/2010/08freeing_alan_gr/>http://www.thewashintonnote.com/archives/2010/08freeing_alan_gr/ 
(site consulted on February 18, 2011).

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref15>[15] 
Wayne S. Smith, <<The Gross Case and the Inanity 
of U.S. Policy>>, Center for International 
Policy, March 2011. 
<http://ciponline.org/pressroom/articles/030411_Smith_Intelligence_Brief_Gross.htm>http://ciponline.org/pressroom/articles/030411_Smith_Intelligence_Brief_Gross.htm 
(site consulted on March 13, 2011).

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref16>[16] 
Paul Haven, <<U.S. Officials Ask Cuba to Release 
Jailed American>>, The Associated Press, February 19, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref17>[17] 
Andrea Rodriguez, <<Contratista de EEUU violó 
soberanía de Cuba, dice alto dirigente>>, The 
Associated Press, December 11, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref18>[18] 
Ley de protección de la independencia nacional y 
la economía de Cuba (LEY N . 88), Artículo 11.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref19>[19] 
U.S. Code, Title 22, Chapter 11, Subchapter II, § 
611, iii <<Definitions>>, § 618, a, 1 
<<Violations; false statements and willful omissions>>.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref20>[20] 
Code Penal, Partie legislative, Livre, Titre Ier, 
Chapitre I, Section 3, Article 411-8.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref21>[21] 
William Booth, <<Cuba Seeks 20 Year Jail term for 
Detained American>>, The Associated Press, February 4, 2011.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref22>[22] 
Paul Haven <<Cuba Seeks 20-Year Jail term for 
Detained American>>, The Associated Press, February 4, 2011.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref23>[23] 
Ginger Thompson, <<Wife of American Held in Cuba 
Pleads for His Release and Apologizes to 
Castro>>, The New York Times, October 24, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref24>[24] 
Cuban Democracy Act, Titulo XVII, Artículo 1705, 1992.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref25>[25] 
Along the Malecon, <<Exclusive: Q & A with 
USAID>>, October 25, 2010. 
<http://alongthemalecon.blogspot.com/2010/10/exclusive-q-with-usaid.html>http://alongthemalecon.blogspot.com/2010/10/exclusive-q-with-usaid.html 
(site consulted on October 26, 2010); Tracey 
Eaton, <<U.S. government aid to Cuba is the 
spotlight as contractor Alan Gross marks one year 
in a Cuban prison>>, El Nuevo Herald, December 3, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref26>[26] 
Ibid.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref27>[27] 
Ibid.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref28>[28] 
Jessica Gresko, <<U.S. Man Jailed in Cuba Can 
Call Home More Often>>, The Associated Press, October 26, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref29>[29] 
Anthony Boadle, <<Exclusive: American Held in 
Cuba Expresses Regret to Raul Castro>>, op. cit. 
; Jeff Frank, <<Factbox: Jailed U.S. Contractor, 
Sour U.S.-Cuba Relations>>, Reuters, October 24, 2010.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref30>[30]Anthony 
Boadle, <<Exclusive: American Held in Cuba 
Expresses Regret to Raul Castro>>, op. cit EFE, 
<<EEUU no negocia liberación de Alan Gross>>,  February 8, 2011.

<http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref31>[31] 
Agence France Presse, <<Contratista de EE UU en 
Cuba sugiere intercambio de espias>> November 8, 2011.




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